Japón es el tercer país con más índice de suicidios en el mundo, lo cual lo convierte en una de las principales muertes entre hombres, mujeres y jóvenes en el país. Entre las personas mayores el problema del suicidio se da principalmente por el fracaso, por la frustración de la presión económica y social (Jara, 2015):
“… el 57% de los suicidios se dieron en personas en situación de desempleo, que suponen el 5,7% de la población activa. Además, según cifras del gobierno, la fatiga y la depresión relacionada con el trabajo, fueron los motivos principales para los suicidios entre asalariados; siendo un tercio de los suicidios Karōshisatsu, producidos por karōshi…”.
El vocablo Karōshi, vocablo japonés, se empezó a utilizarse desde 1969, en ese país, derivado de la muerte de un trabajador por exceso de trabajo. El exceso de trabajo puede ocasionar derrames cerebrales y ataques cardiacos, derivado de al exceso de horas frente a un escritorio (Jara, 2015).
El Karōshi es parte de la cultura japonesa, es parte de su ideario nacional. Esta situación surge después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, con la necesidad de la reconstrucción del país, fue indispensable que los trabajadores y empleados, tanto de las empresas como en el gobierno, se quedaran horas extras y las empresas lo compensaron con el financiamiento a sindicatos, creación de casas de cultura, transporte, instalaciones recreativas, clínicas, etc. (Gorvett, 2016).
Para ello, las empresas compensaban dichas horas adicionales, pero no es hasta la década de los 80, cuando Japón enfrenta su gran crisis económica conocida como “la década perdida”, cuando la situación cambió.
Derivado de varios factores, se creó una burbuja inflacionaria, que ocasionó que los bienes inmuebles en Japón se dispararan de una forma exorbitante (Solis, 2010), por lo que fue necesario para los empleados mantuvieran una carga laboral de más de 60 horas a la semana, mientras que en Estados Unidos y Alemania, se trabajaba de 9 de la mañana a 5 de la tarde (Gorvett, 2016).
Dicha situación se agravó cuando estalló la burbuja inflacionaria. Complicando dicha situación a los empleados, de una forma tal que es mal visto que un trabajador se tome sus vacaciones por completo a los que tiene derecho al año.
A tal grado, que ha surgido otra situación social en ese país, el suicidio por exceso de trabajo o “karóshisatsu”, eso se debe a la presión que siente el empleado por no cumplir con las expectativas y exigencias de los jefes y de la empresa (Jara, 2015).
Lo anterior, además de los suicidios, se dan varias situaciones sociales en Japón, el primero de ellos es el conocido como el “Inerumi”, el cual es la costumbre de dormirse en cualquier lado y no es mal visto (Steger, 2016).
Sin embargo, los problemas más difíciles son los que a continuación se enuncian (Jara, 2015):
- En los últimos años, se ha incrementado el delito de robo que comenten las personas de la tercera edad, por el temor de quedar solas, ya que no tuvieron el tiempo para entablar buenas relaciones sociales, o en su caso, sus familiares no tienen el tiempo para visitarlos.
- El número de suicidios se ha incrementado, derivado de la frustración, situación económica insoportable, así como personas que contratan seguros de vida y comenten suicidio para subsanar las deudas familiares, conocido este acto como “Inseki-Jisatsu”.
- La dificultad de las mujeres por encontrar trabajo, así como también dedicar un tiempo a la crianza de los niños. Teniendo dificultad de encontrar pareja para poder construir una familia, todo lo anterior provoca una disminución en la natalidad en ese país.
Esta situación no solamente se presenta en Japón, en China se le conoce como “Guolaosi” y en Corea del Sur como “Gwarosa”. En este último país, se ha agravado la situación derivado de su avance tecnológico, ya que incluso se tiene un síndrome conocido como “Kakao”, el cual es una aplicación similar al WhatsApp, con la cual, los jefes envían mensajes a sus empleados después de la jornada laboral, e incluso los fines de semana (Periódico, 2016).
Lo más grave, es que en México se vive una situación similar, ya que el 85% de las empresas en el país son tóxicas, es decir, no cuentan con las condiciones adecuadas para el correcto desempeño de los empleados, así como no cuidan el talento humano. Situación que afecta en el estrés laboral (Lugo, 2018).
Bibliografía
Gorvett, Z. (9 de Octubre de 2016). BBC News Mundo. Recuperado el 24 de Septiembre de 2019, de https://www.bbc.com/mundo/vert-cap-37391172
Jara, R. (29 de julio de 2015). La izquierda diario. Recuperado el 24 de 09 de 2019, de http://www.laizquierdadiario.com.mx/Kar%C5%8Dshi-muerte-por-explotacion-laboral?id_rubrique=1714
Lugo, G. (30 de Abril de 2018). Gaceta UNAM. Recuperado el 24 de Septiembre de 2019, de http://www.gaceta.unam.mx/mexico-entre-los-paises-con-mayor-estres-laboral/
Periódico, E. (18 de Octubre de 2016). CEMICAL. Recuperado el 24 de Septiembre de 2019, de http://cemical.diba.cat/a-fitxers/muertes_exceso_trabajoEP18_10_16.pdf
Solis, R. (2010). La crisis financiera del Japón de los años 90, algunas lecciones de la década perdida 1992-2003. Análisi económico, 201-239.
Steger, B. (27 de Mayo de 2016). BBC News Mundo. Recuperado el 24 de Septiembre de 2019, de https://www.bbc.com/mundo/especial/vert_fut/2016/05/160526_vert_cultura_salud_inemuri_siesta_japonesa_yv.shtml
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